Red-Tiger Bulldog Breed: Complete Breed Information Guide

close up red brindle Red Tiger Bulldog

If you’re looking for a unique and rare Bulldog breed, then the Red-Tiger Bulldog might just be the perfect fit for you. This breed is also called the Red-Tiger Cani-Bull Bulldog and the Red-Tiger Brachi-Bull Bulldog, and it’s known for its distinctive red coat with tiger-like stripes. The Red-Tiger Bulldog is one of the rarest emerging Bulldog breeds, making it a highly sought-after pet for many dog lovers.

According to International Confirmation Show Judge Mr. Scott Florence of Pa., if a puppy does not come with the trademarked Red-Tiger Registry and Archive certificate, it’s not a Red-Tiger Bulldog. This certificate is a guarantee that your puppy is a purebred Red-Tiger Bulldog and not a mix with any other breed. If you’re interested in owning a Red-Tiger Bulldog, it’s important to ensure that the breeder provides you with this certificate to ensure the authenticity of your new pet.

So, What Is The Red-Tiger Bulldog?

The Red-Tiger Bulldog, also known as the Red-Tiger Cani-Bull or Brachi-Bull Bulldog, is a rare and unique breed noted for its distinctive red coat with tiger-like stripes. Originating from the United States, it’s one of the rarest Bulldog breeds and is highly prized among dog enthusiasts

Authenticity is ensured through a trademarked Red-Tiger Registry and Archive certificate, confirming purebred status.

Key Points:

  1. Origin and Development: Created by Rev. Scott L. Amos and his son in Indiana, USA, starting in 1991, the Red-Tiger Bulldog is a result of selective breeding involving American Bulldogs and other bulldog breeds.
  2. Official Registry: The breed has been registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office since 2011, emphasizing its unique status.
  3. Physical Characteristics: Known for its robust, muscular build, the Red-Tiger Bulldog comes in two phenotypes: Cani Bull-type with an elongated muzzle and Brachi-type with a short muzzle.

History of the Red Tiger Bulldog

Dark brindle Red-Tiger Bulldog uncropped ears

The Red-Tiger Bulldog is a unique breed that has gained popularity among dog enthusiasts. Although it is not recognized by major kennel clubs, it has an official registry and archive association that monitors breeding and breed development. The breed was created by Rev. Scott L. Amos, Sr. and his son, Scott Amos II in the central Indiana region of the United States, beginning in 1991.

The Red-Tiger Bulldog was developed from a foundation of red-nosed American Bulldogs owned and produced by Rev. Scott L. Amos through his breeding program “Amos American Bulldogs” and “Free-Style American Bulldogs”. The breed’s registry and archive received the government’s principal registration (Serial #85002578) with the United States Patent and Trademark Office on January 1, 2011, as “The First Red-Nosed (Breed) of Bulldog in the history of the world”.

The Amos family developed the Red-Tiger Bulldog to exclusively reproduce dogs of pheomelanin/amelanistic (this means red or brown and white pigment) skin and coat colors of red or reddish-brown in a brindle pattern.

The word “Tiger” in the breed’s name is derived from the brindle tiger-like striping in the Red-Tiger’s coat pattern. The “Red” portion of the breed’s name is descriptive of the red or reddish-brown skin and coat color, while the word “Bulldog” in their name characterizes the heritage of the breed’s ancestral genetic composition.

In the late 90’s, Rev. Amos infused Ca de Bou – Mallorquin bulldogs, Banter Bulldog, and pure Old Southern White Bulldog genetics for out-cross vigor. This complex infusion allowed the Red-Tiger Bulldog strain to attain higher levels of health, refined structure, and a more cephalic head, jaw, and respiratory system. This allowed for clean breathing, rather than the historically poor respiratory system existing in many other bulldog breeds, which stemmed from the more common brachycephalic jaw and respiratory that bulldogs in general were founded from.

In the mid-2000s, the Amos family added Levitt-mixed Bulldog blood and mixed-bred bulldog blood from the southern US, such as Talladega, Huntsville, Birmingham, Alabama, and one Bulldog/Boxer Strain produced by Hobbyist breeders Mr. and Mrs. Kendrick Swain of Atlanta GA, to expand the genealogical stance of the RTB’s lineages.

Physical Characteristics

red nose red and white Red Tiger Bulldog

The Red-Tiger Bulldog is a robust and muscular breed, known for its distinctive physical features. This breed exhibits two primary phenotypes: Cani Bull-type and Brachi-type, each with unique characteristics. The Cani Bull-type boasts an elongated muzzle, open nostrils, and a clear airway, while the Brachi-type has a more compact, short-muzzled appearance typical of bulldog breeds.

Size and Build

The Red-Tiger Bulldog typically stands between 22 to 26 inches (56 to 66 cm) in height and weighs between 75 to 110 pounds (34 to 50 kg). The breed’s neck is described as massive and imposing, emphasizing its strength and power. 

Additionally, the back should be firm and solid, with a level to slightly downgraded topline near the withers. The shoulder and upper-arm region are notable for their imposing and enduring attributes, contributing to the breed’s muscular and athletic build.

Here is a table displaying the height and weight of the Red-Tiger Bulldog.

MeasurementImperialMetric
Height22 to 26 inches56 to 66 cm
Weight75 to 110 pounds34 to 50 kg

Note: The length of the dog should be proportional to their height and weight.

Appearance

The breed’s head is broad, flat on top, and of medium length, with pronounced cheek muscles and a distinct stop. The muzzle is broad with wide-open nostrils, and the lips should be full with red or reddish-brown pigmentation. The Red-Tiger Bulldog’s eyes are medium-sized, almond or round-shaped, and come in lighter shades such as hazel, green, golden, grayish, or blue. The ears are set high on the head and are preferred to be cropped in show settings.

Coat and Colors

The Red-Tiger Bulldog’s coat comes in pheomelanin/amelanistic skin and pigment colors of red or reddish brown and liver and white. The breed exhibits a “mantle” coat design, with at least 70% color and no more than 30% white. The color is typically brindle, including variations such as red brindle, chocolate brindle, liver brindle, and cinnamon-brindle. The breed does not produce specimens with gray, blue, or black coat hair and skin.

Temperament and Personality

Brindle Red Tiger Bulldog playing with Red Pitbull

General Disposition

  • Outgoing and Mild-Mannered: Red-Tiger Bulldogs are known for their outgoing nature, balancing their protective instincts with a generally mild temperament.
  • Watchdog Abilities: They are alert and protective, making excellent watchdogs for their owners and property. Their confident and bold demeanor serves as a deterrent to potential threats.
  • Loyalty and Protectiveness: These dogs are extremely loyal to their families and may even risk their own lives to protect them. They are trustworthy and discerning, able to identify and respond to home or personal threats.

Interaction with Children and Other Pets

  • Family and Children: Red-Tiger Bulldogs are gentle and submissive around children, making them suitable for family environments.
  • Behavior with Other Pets: Early socialization is crucial to mitigate aggression towards unfamiliar dogs and small animals, due to their strong prey drive. They may be domineering towards strange dogs and animals if not properly trained and socialized from a young age.

Common Behavioral Traits

  • Training Needs: This breed requires a firm, consistent, and confident handler. They are intelligent, eager to learn but can show stubbornness during training.
  • Training Approach: Mild corrections and verbal praise are effective, while harsh physical corrections can cause harm. A brisk walk or play session before training sessions is beneficial.
  • Social Behavior: They might not be welcoming to un-escorted house guests and can be aloof with unannounced strangers, calming down with reassurance from their master.
  • Memory and Learning: Red-Tiger Bulldogs have great memory retention and quickly learn lessons. It is crucial for them to understand the hierarchy within the family, recognizing human members as superior in the pack order.

Health and Lifespan

When it comes to health, Red Tiger Bulldogs are generally healthy dogs, but like any breed, they can still develop certain health issues. It’s important to properly screen your dog for common health issues and to take preventative measures to ensure a long and healthy life.

Average Lifespan

On average, Red Tiger Bulldogs have a lifespan of 12-16 years. However, this can vary depending on factors such as genetics, diet, and exercise.

Common Health Issues

One health issue that can affect Red Tiger Bulldogs is hip dysplasia. This is a condition where the hip joint doesn’t develop properly and can cause pain and mobility issues. Other health issues that can affect this breed include allergies, skin infections, and ear infections.

Preventative Care Tips

To help prevent health issues, it’s important to feed your Red Tiger Bulldog a healthy diet and ensure they get plenty of exercise. Regular vet check-ups can also help catch any potential health issues early on. Additionally, it’s important to keep your dog’s ears clean and dry to prevent infections, and to regularly groom their coat to prevent skin infections.

Overall, with proper care and attention to their health, Red Tiger Bulldogs can live long and healthy lives.

Exercise and Housing Needs

As a Red Tiger Bulldog owner, it’s essential to provide your dog with sufficient exercise and living space. These dogs are relatively inactive indoors and will do best with at least an average-sized yard. Here are some things you need to know about their exercise and housing needs:

Daily Exercise Requirements

Red Tiger Bulldogs require moderate exercise to maintain their physical and mental health. They are naturally protective and have a high energy level, so daily exercise is crucial to prevent boredom and destructive behavior. A minimum of 30 minutes of exercise per day is recommended, but they can handle up to two hours of exercise if you have the time and energy.

Space Requirements

Red Tiger Bulldogs are medium-sized dogs that require adequate living space. They are not suitable for small apartments or homes without a yard. A fenced yard is ideal, as they love to run and play. If you live in an apartment, make sure you take them for daily walks and provide them with toys and mental stimulation to keep them entertained.

Suitable Living Conditions

Red Tiger Bulldogs thrive in a home environment where they can be close to their family. They are loyal and affectionate dogs that enjoy spending time with their owners. They are not suitable for outdoor living and should be kept indoors with their family. They are sensitive to extreme temperatures and should be kept in a climate-controlled environment.

In summary, Red Tiger Bulldogs require moderate exercise, adequate living space, and a home environment where they can be close to their family. If you can provide them with these basic needs, you will have a happy and healthy dog that will be a loyal companion for many years to come.

Training Your Red Tiger Bulldog

Training your Red Tiger Bulldog is an essential part of owning this breed. They are intelligent, energetic, and eager to please, making them a great choice for families who are willing to put in the time and effort needed to train them properly.

Family Compatibility

Red Tiger Bulldogs are known for their loyalty and affection towards their families. They are great with children and make excellent family pets. However, due to their protective nature, it is important to socialize them early on to ensure they do not become overly aggressive towards strangers.

Socialization

Socialization is crucial for Red Tiger Bulldogs. They should be exposed to different people, animals, and environments from a young age to help them develop into well-rounded and confident dogs. Early socialization can help prevent behavioral issues such as fearfulness, aggression, and anxiety.

When training your Red Tiger Bulldog, it is important to use positive reinforcement techniques such as treats, praise, and play. Avoid using harsh or punitive methods as this can lead to fear and aggression. Consistency is key, and training should be done in short, frequent sessions to keep your dog engaged and motivated.

In conclusion, training your Red Tiger Bulldog is essential to ensure they develop into well-behaved and happy dogs. With patience, consistency, and positive reinforcement, you can help your Red Tiger Bulldog reach their full potential as a loving and loyal companion.

Training and Socialization

Training and socialization are crucial for the Red Tiger Bulldog breed due to their strong-willed and powerful nature. As a responsible owner, it is your responsibility to ensure that your Red Tiger Bulldog is trained and socialized properly.

Trainability

Red Tiger Bulldogs are intelligent and quick learners, but they can also be stubborn at times. Therefore, it is important to start training your Red Tiger Bulldog at a young age and use positive reinforcement techniques such as treats, praise, and playtime to encourage good behavior. Consistency and patience are key when training your Red Tiger Bulldog.

Socialization Needs

Due to their potential aggression towards other dogs and strangers, socialization is crucial for the Red Tiger Bulldog breed. Exposing your Red Tiger Bulldog to different people, animals, and environments from a young age can help them become well-adjusted and confident dogs. Socialization can also help prevent behavioral issues such as anxiety and aggression.

Behavioral Training Tips

When training your Red Tiger Bulldog, it is important to focus on teaching them basic commands such as sit, stay, come, and heel. It is also important to teach them how to walk on a leash without pulling and to discourage jumping and other unwanted behaviors. Positive reinforcement techniques such as treats and praise can be used to encourage good behavior.

In addition to basic obedience training, behavioral training can also be helpful for Red Tiger Bulldogs. This can include training to prevent aggression towards other dogs and strangers, as well as training to prevent destructive behaviors such as chewing and digging.

Overall, training and socialization are essential for the well-being of your Red Tiger Bulldog. By starting early and using positive reinforcement techniques, you can help your Red Tiger Bulldog become a well-behaved and confident companion.

Diet & Nutrition

Feeding your Red-Tiger Bulldog a consistent, balanced diet is crucial during the first year of growth. Irregular feeding patterns, overfeeding, or lack of puppy nutrition can result in down pasterns and/or knuckling over in the forelegs. Therefore, it is essential to provide your puppy with a diet that meets their nutritional needs.

Dietary Needs

  • Balanced Nutrition: Red-Tiger Bulldog puppies require a balanced diet that includes the correct ratios of calcium and phosphorus. This balance is crucial for proper growth and development. Feeding too much, too little, or not feeding a proper diet can cause issues like lowered pasterns or knuckling
  • Quality of Food: High-quality puppy food is essential, providing adequate amounts of protein, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, and minerals.

Feeding Schedule

  • Puppy Feeding Frequency: Puppies should be fed three to four times a day until they reach six months of age to support their rapid growth and high energy needs.
  • Adjustment with Age: After six months, the feeding frequency should be reduced to twice a day. This adjustment helps in managing their diet as they grow into adulthood.

Special Dietary Considerations

  • Avoiding Human Food: Table scraps and unhealthy human food treats should be avoided. These can disrupt the nutritional balance and potentially lead to health issues. See this article on what puppies can eat.
  • Customized Feeding Plans: If the puppy has specific medical conditions or allergies, a customized feeding plan should be developed in consultation with a veterinarian. This ensures that the dog’s unique health requirements are met through its diet.

Grooming Needs

As a Red-Tiger Bulldog owner, it is important to understand their grooming needs to keep them healthy and looking their best. Here are some grooming tips to help you take care of your Red-Tiger Bulldog:

Grooming Frequency

Red-Tiger Bulldogs have a short, sleek coat that requires minimal grooming. They shed moderately throughout the year and may require weekly brushing to remove loose hair. Bathing should only be done when necessary, as frequent bathing can strip their coat of natural oils.

Grooming Tools

To groom your Red-Tiger Bulldog, you will need a few basic tools. A soft-bristled brush or grooming mitt is ideal for removing loose hair and keeping their coat shiny. A comb can be used to remove any tangles or mats. You may also want to invest in a nail clipper and ear cleaning solution.

Grooming Tips

When grooming your Red-Tiger Bulldog, start by brushing their coat to remove any loose hair. Use a comb to gently work out any tangles or mats. Trim their nails regularly to prevent them from becoming too long and causing discomfort. Clean their ears with a gentle solution to remove any dirt or wax buildup.

Overall, grooming your Red-Tiger Bulldog is a simple process that can be done at home with minimal tools. By following these tips, you can keep your Red-Tiger Bulldog looking and feeling their best.

Cost of Ownership

Owning a Red-Tiger Bulldog is a significant financial commitment. The initial cost of purchasing a Red-Tiger Bulldog puppy from a reputable breeder can range from $1,500 to $5,000, depending on the breeder and the puppy’s lineage. You should be prepared to spend a considerable amount of money to acquire a healthy and well-bred Red-Tiger Bulldog puppy.

Once you have purchased your Red-Tiger Bulldog, you will need to budget for ongoing costs to ensure your pet remains healthy and happy. These costs include food, veterinary care, grooming, and training. Below is a breakdown of some of the ongoing costs associated with owning a Red-Tiger Bulldog:

Initial Cost (Red-Tiger Bulldog Puppy Price)

  • The initial cost of purchasing a Red-Tiger Bulldog puppy from a reputable breeder can range from $1,500 to $5,000.

Ongoing Costs

  • Food: The cost of feeding your Red-Tiger Bulldog will depend on the quality of food you choose. High-quality dog food can cost anywhere from $50 to $100 per month.
  • Veterinary Care: Regular veterinary care is essential to keep your Red-Tiger Bulldog healthy. You should budget for annual check-ups, vaccinations, and preventative care, which can cost around $500 per year.
  • Grooming: Red-Tiger Bulldogs require regular grooming to keep their coats healthy and shiny. You should budget for professional grooming every 6-8 weeks, which can cost around $50 to $100 per visit.
  • Training: Red-Tiger Bulldogs are intelligent and trainable, but they require consistent training to ensure they are well-behaved and obedient. You should budget for obedience classes or private training sessions, which can cost around $100 to $200 per session.

Overall, owning a Red-Tiger Bulldog can be a rewarding experience, but it is important to be prepared for the financial commitment that comes with it. By budgeting for the initial cost of purchasing a puppy and ongoing costs, you can ensure that your Red-Tiger Bulldog remains healthy and happy for years to come.

Adoption and Buying Tips

Brachy type brindle and white Red-Tiger Bulldog uncropped ears.

So, where can you get one of these rare Bulldogs?

Where to Adopt/Buy

If you’re interested in adopting or buying a Red Tiger Bulldog, it’s important to do your research and find a reputable breeder. Contact the Red-Tiger Registry & Archive for a list of approved breeders. Keep in mind that not all breeders who present their red brindle and red nose Pitbulls as Red-Tiger Bulldogs are approved by the Registry and Archive, so be careful.

What to Look for in a Breeder

When choosing a breeder, look for one who follows ethical breeding practices. A good breeder will be happy to answer your questions and provide you with information about the breed, including any potential health issues. They should also allow you to meet the puppy’s parents and see the living conditions of their dogs.

Choosing the Right Puppy/Dog

When choosing a Red Tiger Bulldog, look for a puppy or dog that is healthy and well-socialized. A good breeder will have already started socializing their puppies, but it’s important to continue socializing your puppy as they grow. Look for a puppy or dog with a good temperament and one that is compatible with your lifestyle.

Ethical Breeding Practices

Ethical breeding practices include health testing, proper socialization, and responsible breeding practices. A good breeder will test their dogs for any potential health issues and will only breed dogs that are healthy. They will also ensure that their puppies are well-socialized and have been exposed to a variety of people and situations. Finally, they will only breed their dogs responsibly, ensuring that they are not overbred and that their puppies are placed in good homes.

Breed-Specific Considerations

If you are considering adopting a Red Tiger Bulldog, there are a few breed-specific considerations to keep in mind. These dogs are a rare breed, and as such, there are some unique characteristics that you should be aware of.

Climate Suitability

Red Tiger Bulldogs are not suitable for extreme climates, whether it is too hot or too cold. They are sensitive to temperature changes and need to be kept in a comfortable environment. If you live in an area with extreme weather conditions, you may need to take extra precautions to ensure that your dog is comfortable and safe.

Compatibility with Lifestyle

Red Tiger Bulldogs are active dogs that require plenty of exercise. If you are an active person who enjoys spending time outdoors, a Red Tiger Bulldog may be a good fit for you. However, if you have a more sedentary lifestyle, this breed may not be the best choice for you. They need regular exercise to stay healthy and happy.

Special Needs

Red Tiger Bulldogs have a few special needs that you should be aware of. They require regular grooming to keep their coats healthy and shiny. They are also prone to certain health issues, such as hip dysplasia, so it is important to keep up with their vet appointments and ensure that they receive proper care.

Breed-Specific Legislation

It is important to note that some areas have breed-specific legislation that prohibits or restricts the ownership of certain breeds, including Red Tiger Bulldogs. Before you adopt a Red Tiger Bulldog, make sure to check your local laws and regulations to ensure that you are allowed to own this breed in your area.

Overall, Red Tiger Bulldogs are a unique and rare breed that make great companions for the right owner. If you are considering adopting one, be sure to keep these breed-specific considerations in mind to ensure that you can provide the best possible care for your new furry friend.

50 Best Names For A Red-Tiger Bulldog

Naming your new red-tiger bulldog can be a fun and exciting experience. With their unique coat color and pattern, you’ll want to choose a name that reflects their individuality and personality. Here are 50 of the best names for a red-tiger bulldog that you can consider:

Male Names

  1. Rusty
  2. Blaze
  3. Copper
  4. Cinnamon
  5. Phoenix
  6. Crimson
  7. Flame
  8. Auburn
  9. Garnet
  10. Jasper
  11. Maroon
  12. Brick
  13. Mahogany
  14. Rufus
  15. Rusty
  16. Ember
  17. Sienna
  18. Sorrel
  19. Tawny
  20. Tiger

Female Names

  1. Scarlet
  2. Ruby
  3. Cherry
  4. Ginger
  5. Poppy
  6. Rose
  7. Ruby
  8. Carmine
  9. Coral
  10. Fuchsia
  11. Magenta
  12. Burgundy
  13. Ruby
  14. Rusty
  15. Sable
  16. Tangerine
  17. Vermilion
  18. Ginger
  19. Sunset
  20. Autumn

Unisex Names

  1. Blaze
  2. Copper
  3. Phoenix
  4. Garnet
  5. Jasper
  6. Maroon
  7. Mahogany
  8. Rusty
  9. Sienna
  10. Sorrel
  11. Tiger
  12. Scarlet
  13. Ruby
  14. Cherry
  15. Poppy
  16. Rose
  17. Coral
  18. Fuchsia
  19. Magenta
  20. Burgundy

When choosing a name for your red-tiger bulldog, consider their personality, appearance, and breed characteristics. A name that reflects their unique qualities can help them stand out and feel special. Whether you choose a name from this list or come up with your own, remember to choose a name that you and your new furry friend will love for years to come.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

How can I find reputable Red Tiger Bulldog breeders?

Finding reputable Red Tiger Bulldog breeders can be challenging due to the rarity of the breed. It is important to do your research and only purchase from a breeder who is registered with a reputable kennel club, such as the American Kennel Club (AKC). You can also ask for recommendations from other Red Tiger Bulldog owners or breed clubs.

What are the typical prices for Red Tiger Bulldog puppies?

The prices for Red Tiger Bulldog puppies can vary depending on the breeder and location. On average, you can expect to pay anywhere from $2,000 to $5,000 for a Red Tiger Bulldog puppy. It is important to note that purchasing a puppy from a reputable breeder may be more expensive, but it can help ensure the health and temperament of your new pet.

Are there any specific care requirements for Red Tiger Bulldogs?

Red Tiger Bulldogs require regular exercise and a healthy diet to maintain their health and well-being. They are also prone to certain health issues, such as hip dysplasia and skin allergies, so it is important to schedule regular check-ups with a veterinarian. Additionally, Red Tiger Bulldogs have a short, smooth coat that requires minimal grooming.

What is the history and origin of the Red Tiger Bulldog breed?

The Red Tiger Bulldog is a relatively new breed that was developed in the United States by crossing the American Pit Bull Terrier with the Old English Bulldog. The breed was created to produce a dog with the athleticism of the Pit Bull and the strength and loyalty of the Bulldog.

What makes the Red Tiger Bulldog a rare breed?

The Red Tiger Bulldog is a rare breed due to its unique coloration and limited breeding. The breed is known for its red or reddish-brown brindle coat and is not yet recognized by any major clubs. Only a small association of limited breeder produces the Red-Tiger Bulldog dog breed.

How does the Red Tiger Bulldog differ from other Bulldog breeds?

The Red Tiger Bulldog differs from other Bulldog breeds in its physical characteristics and temperament. The breed is known for its athleticism and agility, making it a popular choice for sports such as weight pulling and agility competitions. Additionally, Red Tiger Bulldogs are known for their loyalty and affection towards their owners.

Final Thoughts

In conclusion, the Red Tiger Bulldog is a rare breed that is known for its unique appearance and protective instincts. This breed is not for everyone as they require a lot of exercise and attention. However, if you are looking for a loyal and devoted companion, the Red Tiger Bulldog may be the right choice for you.

When considering getting a Red Tiger Bulldog, make sure you do your research and find a reputable breeder. This will ensure that you get a healthy and well-socialized puppy. It’s also important to note that this breed may not be suitable for families with young children or other pets.

Overall, the Red Tiger Bulldog is a fascinating breed that is sure to turn heads. With their striking appearance and loyal nature, they make great companions for those who are willing to put in the time and effort to care for them properly. If you are up for the challenge, a Red Tiger Bulldog may just be the perfect addition to your family.

Tamsin de la Harpe

Tamsin de la Harpe, with a lively spirit and 15 years of experience in dog training and behavior, brings a unique flair to the team. Based in South Africa, she is deeply engaged in rehabilitating dogs, focusing on their mental and nutritional health. Tamsin's approach to dog behavior is hands-on and heartfelt, shaped by her life with her own dogs and horses. Her journey in canine behavior is ongoing, as she continues advanced studies in this field.

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